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Suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN) is a small region of the brain that sits on top of the optic chiasm in the anteroventral region of the hypothalamus. It works as master clock.

Circadian rhythm is activated by sunlight during daytime. SCN project inhibitory information to PVN in hypothalamus. The long axons of PVN then send nerve pulses down to the preganglianic sympathetic neurons of the spinal cord, which in turn modulate the activity of the superior cervical ganglia. The latter further project to the pineal gland to regulate the secretion of melatonin.

Clock genes: new visual pathway from retina to the SCN. A small population of widely dispersed melanopsin-positive ganglion cells form the retinohypothalamic tract that projects to the SCN. These ganglion cells are directly light responsive. They also receive input from rods and cones through bipolar and amacrine cells. Some of which may contain crytochromes.

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