自己統制: 行動主義의 새로운 接近과 行動修正에의 適用

서지정보

ㆍ발행기관 : 한국교육학회 ㆍ수록지정보 : 교육학연구 / 15권 / 1호
ㆍ저자명 : 金南星

목차

Ⅰ. 目的
Ⅱ. 自己統制에 대한 社會文化的 意味
Ⅲ. 觀點의 差異
Ⅳ. 自由와 自己統制
Ⅴ. 自己統制(self-contral)의 槪念分析과 限界
Ⅵ. 行動修正에의 適用
Ⅶ. 硏究의 方向과 展望

영어 초록

In psychology, humanism has been traditionally contrasted to behaviorism. Because humanists focused their attention on internal variables such as freedom, dignity, responsibility and autonomy and behavioists emphasized external variables as immediate environment, in describing human behavior.
However, behaviorism is undergoing major change. Behaviorists, through conventional behaviorists, radical behaviorists and social learning or cognitive behaviorist s, present a variety of theoretical posit ions and technical practices. Social learning behaviorists emphasize internal processes such as thoughts and imagery in explaining how learning occurs. Further they do not reject external variables in the relevance of internal processes. The most resent studies in contemporary behaviorism is developing toward understanding how internal and external events function together, that is, self-control.
Some humanists criticize behaviorists for their failure to consider self-direction, freedom and dignity. They equate the prediction and control of human behavior by others with the demise of freedom and dignity. However they view the individual's ability to predict and control his own actions as freedom. According to behaviorists, self-control is described as a technique that a person manages and controls his own behavior. In this point of view, there is no real difference between freedom and self-control. Therefore, humanism as ends and behaviorism as means are able to cooperate to develop self-control techniques.
Beta-control(self-control) is concerned with the processes by •which an individual alters or maintains his behavioral chain in the absence of immediat external support. But it must be noted that individuals never cease to be affected by alpha-variables(external variables). When the response to-be-controlled loses its pleasurable or aversive consequences, then beta-control is no longer a relevant explanatory mechanism. If the situation compels a change in the probability of a particular response, then beta-control is not involved. Also, if such labels such as freewill, courage, stoicism or self-denial are attached to some behaviors and these do not have conflicting contingencies associated with execution, then the phenomenon falls outside the definition of beta-control. The three stage model of beta-control involves self-monitoring, self-evaluate and self-reinforcement. In this model, beta-control is viewed as a process that the individual must set up an ad hoc performance standard to guide the direction of his behavior. This central element is called a performance promise or contract.
In case of the clinical use of beta-control, the clinician must take special care to analyze fully the relative contributions of alpha and beta variables to the client's behavior. For some maladaptive behavior patterns, it may be necessary to control stimuli and to induce a contingency conflict rather than to assume such motivational underpinnings. Additionally, because contractual negotiation is seen as a component of beta •control, it becomes clear that a therapist cannot simply teach his client a set of techniques for behavioral changes. Therapist can only do his best for reflectiong the performance promise and intention statement from client. In this report, it is suggested under what conditions the intention statement is able to match into action or not.
As immediate external influences and self-control stimuli combinate, the occurrence of either extreme as a pure case probably rare and surely limited in time. What should be emphasized is that at any moment the learning history may be more or less influential than controlling features or immediate environment. So further research in the training of children as well as adults in the use of beta-control techniques and in the transfer of alpha- to beta-control is needed. Another importance is to continue research regarding the factors influencing the negotiation of contracts. Lastly, processes such as Yoga, Zen, hypnosis, autogenic training, biofeedback and meditation are advocated and used in enhancing greater personal self-control. Further research of these areas is needed too.

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