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Geographic features significantly affected the beginning and development of early Civilizations. Many complex societies were created around river basins as people gathered in these rivers. Since rivers provided people with the essentials that they needed to survive such as water and food, they started to settle by rivers. Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Indus River Valley which all had different geographic characteristics had different degrees of exposure to outside attack and influence. People in these places started to develop different beliefs, trade systems, and political systems according to their weather, location, and environment.
The world’s first complex society took place in the Mesopotamian river basin. Mesopotamia, which is a Greek word meaning, “between two rivers” locates between Euphrates River and Tigris River. All modern-day Iraq, southeastern Turkey, and Syria were included in this area. Since there were reliable water sources, people started to gather here and formed complex society. Mesopotamia could be divided geographically into two regions: Northern, and Southern Mesopotamia. In Northern Mesopotamia, there were many hills and plains.

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