LINGUISTICS FOR EVERYONE Chapter 9

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LINGUISTICS FOR EVERYONE

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Semantics: (study of) the system of rules underlying our knowledge of word and sentence meaning
Semantics overlaps with other fields of study, including philosophy (in particular, logic) and mathematics (algebra and set theory).
Semantics is central to the study of literature, humor, gender, politics, advertising, and law.

She yarped that canzos spleeked the batoids.
What kinds of meaning can we derive from this sentence?
There’s more than one canzo and more than one batoid.
The yarping and spleeking occurred in the past.
But we don’t know the meaning of words like yarp, canzo and spleek mean– they are nonsense words.
Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.
Grammatical, but the meanings of the words don’t fit together.

Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.
Does not break morphological and syntactic rules, but breaks semantic rules (meaning rules).
Anomalous sentence: deviates from the meaning that we normally expect
Grammar of language includes a system of meaning rules, separate from morphological and syntactic rule systems (although they interact with each other).

Lack of grammaticality (violation of rules) doesn’t always preclude us from coming up with some interpretation.
We understand child language even though children’s grammatical rules may deviate from adult grammar.
Syntactic deviation What time it is?
Morphological deviation We holded the baby rabbits.
Phonological deviation pider, poon (for spider, spoon)
We can figure out what a speaker means even when he makes a semantic error.
A child referring to a horse as a dog.
“You have too many irons in the smoke” instead of “You have too many irons in the fire.”

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